Prepared by M.L. Thompson, Ph. D., Dept. of General Dentistry, Tufts Dental School
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a. Erythromycin
b. Polymyxin B
c. Tetracycline
d. Penicillin G
e. Chloramphenicol
(c)
43. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of tetracycline
antibiotics?
a. Absorption is impaired when taken with antacids
b. They predispose to monilial superinfection
c. They form a stable complex with the developing tooth matrix
d. They have a low tendency for sensitization, but a high
therapeutic index
e. They are effective substitutes for penicillin prophylaxis against
infective endocarditis
Answer is (e)- Again, the important phrase in the question is
not
(Hey, just Wayne and Garth). Obviously the fact that you will
remember about tetracylines is that they can discolor teeth in
the fetus when taken by the mother during pregnancy. But don't
circle that answer because (a) is also characteristic of
tetracyclines (they are the most likely of all the antibiotics to
cause superinfection), and is an annoying side effect in adults
resulting from alteration of the oral, gastric and intestinal flora.
The real answer is (e). Tetracyclines are not the drug of choice
for prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. This is due to
streptococcal infection. 15-20% of group A streptococci are
resistant to tetracyclines, but none are resistant to penicillin or
erythromycin. Recently a non-streptococcal induced subacute
bacterial endocarditis has been identified, especially in juvenile
periodontitis patients. The causative bacterium is not
susceptible to penicillin or erythromycin. It may be necessary to
treat predisposed patients with tetracycline for a few weeks, and
then follow this with a course of penicillin or erythromycin.
Remember that these drugs are antagonistic to each other and
thus can't be used concurrently. Penicillin is a bactericidal drug
which kills or destroys microorganisms by interfering with the
synthesis or function of the cell wall, cell membrane or both.
Thus it is most effective against bacteria that are multiplying.
Tetracycline is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that acts by inhibiting
the growth and multiplication of organisms by inhibiting protein
synthesis by binding reversibly to the 30 S subunit of the
bacterial ribosome. When the two types are given together, their
effectiveness is negated or reduced.
Antibiotics, Drug Interactions
44. The concurrent administration of penicillin G and probenecid results
in
a. Increased metabolism of penicillin G.
b. Increased renal excretion of probenecid
c. Decreased renal excretion of penicillin G
d. Decreased bactericidal effect of penicillin G
e. Increased excretion of probenecid in the feces
(c)
71. Interaction between penicillin and probenicid is best described by
which of the following mechanisms?
a. competition at the receptor site
b. acceleration of drug biotransformation
c. alteration in the acid-base balance
d. alteration in the rate of renal clearance
Answer is (d)- penicillin is metabolized in the liver, but it rapidly
disappears from the blood due to rapid clearance by the
kidneys. 90% is excreted by tubular secretion. Thus patients
with renal disease will show high blood levels of penicillin.
Similarly, probenicid, a uricosuric agent (a drug which tends to
enhance the excretion of uric acid by reducing renal tubular
transport mechanisms), reduces the renal clearance of
penicillins. And you wondered why we had those lectures on
pharmacokinetics!
45. When broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered with coumarin
anticoagulants, the anticoagulant action may be
a. Reduced because of enhanced hepatic drug metabolism
b. Reduced because of increased protein-binding
c. Increased because of reduction of vitamin K sources
d. Increased because of decreased renal excretion of the
anticoagulant
(c)
46. The therapeutic effectiveness of which of the following drugs will be
most affected by concomitant ingestion of antacids?
a. Cephalexin
b. Erythromycin
c. Tetracycline
d. Sulfisoxazole
e. Penicillin V
(c) hey, I asked you this on the exam!
47. Erythromycin should be avoided in the patient taking
a.
Aspirin
b.
Seldane
c.
Benadryl
d.
Ibuprofen
e.
Propranolol
(b) remember the famous erythromycin –Seldane potentially
lethal interaction, whereby erythromycin blocks the metabolism
of Seldane to its antihistamine metabolite – it stays
unmetabolized and causes cardiac arrthymias. Of course this
question could have many other options listed, since
erythromycin decreases the metabolism of so many other
useful drugs, such as digoxin.
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