12
Cardiovascular Drugs
This category covers a lot of drugs and a lot of questions. They can
be categorized as:
1. Questions asking about which drug from a list might be used to
treat a certain condition:
hypertension:
1) Diuretics such as the high ceiling or loop-acting diuretic,
furosemide;
2) Beta-blockers such as propranolol or the cardioselective beta
blocker metoprololor atenolol
3) Alpha-1 blockers such as prazosin,
4) Centrally acting adrenergic drugs such as methyldopa or
clonidine
5) Neuronal blockers such as guanethidine (reserved for severe
hypertension)
6) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as Captopril,
lisinopril
angina:
Nitroglycerin, sometimes propranolol, calcium channel
blockers such as verapamil
arrhythmias:
1) Lidocaine (ventricular arrhythmias),
2) Phenytoin (to reverse digitalis induced arrhythmias),
3) Quinidine (supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial
fibrillation),
4) Verapamil (supraventricular tachyarrhythmias,
paroxysmal tachycardia, atrial fibrillation),
5) Digitalis (atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia)
6) Propranolol (paroxysmal tachycardia)
Congestive heart failure:
Glycosides such as digitalis, digoxin,
ACE inhibitors such as captopril
2. The second major category of questions concerns mechanism
of action of the various agents:
Antiarrhythmics:
Remember problem is that the heart beats
irregularity
a.
Type 1A agents such as quinidine: acts by increasing the
refractory period of cardiac muscle
b.
Type 1B agents such as lidocaine decrease cardiac
excitability
c.
When digitalis is used for atrial fibrillation it acts by
decreasing the rate of A-V conduction
Antiangina drugs:
problem is insufficient oxygen to meet demands
of myocardium
a. Nitroglycerin increases oxygen supply to the heart by a direct
vasodilatory action on the smooth muscle in coronary
arteries
b. Propranolol reduces oxygen demand by preventing
chronotropic responses to endogenous epinephrine,
emotions and exercise.
c. Calcium channel blockers decrease oxygen demand by
reducing afterload by reducing peripheral resistance via
vasodilation
Antihypertensives:
Remember, most drugs have the ultimate
effect of reducing peripheral resistance via vasodilation
ACE inhibitors:
Captopril blocks the enzyme which converts
angiotensin I to angiotensin II. The latter is a potent
vasoconstrictor (administration of angiotensin will result in an
elevation of blood pressure).
Adrenergic Agents:
a. Prazosin: selective alpa-1 blocker, inhibits binding of nerve
induced release of NE resulting in vasodilation
b. Methyldopa: acts centrally as a false neurotransmitter
stimulating alpha receptors to reduce sympathetic outflow
resulting in vasodilation
c. Clonidine: selective agonist stimulates alpha-2receptors in
the CNS to reduce sympathetic outflow to peripheral vessels
resulting in vasodilation
d. Propranolol: nonselective beta blocker reduces cardiac
output and inhibits renin secretion
e. Metoprolol: selective beta-1 blocker, reduces cardiac output
Diuretics:
decrease the renal absorption of sodium, thus resulting
in fluid loss and a reduction in blood volume. This decreases
the work the heart has to pump. Also have weak dilatory
action. Types of diuretics which may be mentioned include:
a. Thiazides: chlorothiazide
b. High-ceiling or loop acting: furosemide
c. Potassium sparing: spironolactone
Congestive heart failure drugs:
a. Cardiac glycosides such as digitalis or digitoxin are
effective because they have a positive inotropic effect,
increasing the force of contraction of the myocardium. This is
achieved by an inhibition of Na+, K+ ATPASE leading to
increased calcium influx. Digitalis therapy reduces the
compensatory changes that are associated with congestive
heart failure such as increased heart size, rate, edema, etc.
Drug-condition questions
1. Quinidine is principally used to treat
a.
Hypertension
b.
Angina pectoris
c.
Congestive hear failure
d.
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
(d) by elimination. Hypertension ((a)) is treated primarily with
beta blockers such as propranolol. Angina is primarily treated
with nitroglycerin, while digoxin (digitalis) is the drug of choice for
congestive heart failure. Quinidine is classed as an antiarrthymic
drug (Type I-blocks sodium channels). It reduces automaticity
and responsiveness and increases refractoriness. It also has an
antimuscarinic action preventing the bradycardia that follows
vagal stimulation.
2. Quinidine is used to treat
a. Hypertension
b. Angina pectoris
c. Atrial fibrillation
d. Ventricular fibrillation
e. Congestive hear failure
(c) same question as above, just gave you a different type of
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