Study Set Content:
learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus
Classical Conditioning
learning in which the consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the future.
Operant Conditioning
Two-Factor Theory (Spearman)
Intelligence has two factors: a) general mental ability, b) specific mental abilities
Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)
Intelligence can be divided into three different kinds of reasoning processes:
a) analytical or logical
b) problem-solving skills and
c) practical thinking skills.
Multiple Intelligence Theory (Gardner)
There are at least nine kinds of intelligence:
a) Verbal-linguistic intelligence
b) Logical-mathematical intelligence
c) Spatial-visual intelligence
d) Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
e) Musical-rhythmic intelligence
f) Interpersonal intelligence
g) Intrapersonal intelligence
h) Naturalist intelligence
ability to think in words and use language to express meaning
Verbal-linguistic intelligence
the ability to carry out mathematical operations; the ability to handle long chains of reasoning; and the sensitivity and capacity to discern logical to numerical patterns.
Logical-mathematical intelligence
the ability to think in images, pictures or three-dimensional figures as well as the capacity to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and perform transformations on
Spatial-visual intelligence
it is the ability to be physically adept in manipulating objects, controlling one’s bodily movements, and handling objects skillfully.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
it refers to the sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm and tone; the ability to produce and appreciation of the forms of musical expressiveness.
Musical-rhythmic intelligence
it refers to the ability to understand and interact effectively with others, as well as the capacity to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations and desires of others.
Interpersonal intelligence
it is characterized by the ability to understand oneself; the knowledge of one’s own strengths, weakness, desires and intelligences; as well as the understanding of one’s own feelings and the ability to discriminate among them and draw upon them to guide behavior.
Intrapersonal intelligence
it is the ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems; sensitivity to the differences among diverse species; and the ability to interact subtly with living creatures.
Naturalist intelligence
Contributors to Intelligence
a) Heredity
b) Environment
Fourteen Intelligent Behaviors
a) Persistence
b) Overcoming impulsiveness
c) Listening to others
d) Flexibility in thinking
e) Metacognition (awareness of how one is thinking)
f) Checking for accuracy and precision
g) Questioning and problem-posing
h) Applying past knowledge to new situations
i) Precision of language and thought
j) Using all the senses
k) Creativity
l) Living with a sense of wonderment
m) Cooperation
n) Sense of Humor
is the force that moves people to behave, think and feel the way they do. Motivated behavior is energized, directed, and sustained (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002)
Motivation
motivation for sex, achievement, aggression and other behaviors is rooted in the organisms’ evolutionary past (Buss, 2000)
Evolutionary Theory
This theory explains that organisms are driven by physiological needs. A need energizes one’s drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.
Drive Reduction Theory
states that the performance is at its highest under conditions of moderate arousal rather than high or low arousal.
Optimum Arousal Theory- The Yerkes-Dodson Law
Factors that affect arousal
▪ Kind of task
▪ Personal Characteristics
▪ Sensation-seeking
