Study Set Content:
Their presence in a shampoo formulation can have a pronounced effect on stabilizing the foam level and improving lather consistency.
Alkanolamides
are formed by oxidation of tertiary fatty amines and are used in shampoos primarily as foam modifiers and as antistatic agents to improve the overall manageability of hair.
Amino oxides
Represent the largest group of nonionics and include the Ethoxylated derivatives of alkylphenols, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, and diglycerides.
POLYETHOXYLATED SURFACTANTS
They exhibit excellent detersive power and cleansing properties, but because of poor foaming, their use has been restricted to solubilizing of shampoo fragrances and other oleophilic additives.
POLYETHOXYLATED SURFACTANTS
Often referred to as ampholytic, these surfactants contain both cationic and anionic groups in one molecule.
Amphoteric surfactants
because the charge of these surfactants are pH dependent, their properties, such as foaming potential, solubility, and CMC, also vary with the change in
pH
Most amphoterics are derivatives of
imidazoline or betaine.
They are quite compatible with anionic, nonionic, or cationic surfactants, and have been extensively used to formulate () or as () agents in the more irritating anionic compositions.
mild (baby) shampoos, mollifying
Comprise a broad variety of compounds that are used to increase viscosity of the formulations, modifying their consistency from viscous liquids to thick gels.
Thickeners
Among the most frequently used are electrolytes, such as (), () and water-soluble cellulose derivatives, such as ()(), c()of the Carbopol type, (), and natural gums, such as
Tragacanth, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, alkanolamides, carboxy vinyl polymers, polyvinyl alcohols
have found application as thickeners and suspending agents in antidandruff shampoos.
Magnesium aluminum silicates
Serve to impart to shampoo a pearlescent or opaque appearance. For this purpose, high-melting, wax-like materials are blended into formulations. Of utility in this respect are cetyl and stearyl alcohols and their esters as well as the latex emulsions of vinyl-, styrene-, and acrylic polymers.
opacifiers
The shampoo milieu offers itself as an ideal ground for microbial growth, particularly of the aerobic gram-negative organisms of
Pseudomones
PRESERVATIVES Examples include
methyl and propyl parabens, DMDM hydantoin, quaternium-15, imidazolidynyl urea and others.
The selection of a suitable preservative is made through a challenge test in which the product is subjected to the () possible conditions anticipated during manufacture, shelf storage and actual use
worst
an essential ingredient, often deciding the market appeal and success of the product.
Fragrance
Addition of alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol) or glycols may be required to maintain the()of clear shampoos.
clarity
prevents the formation of insoluble calcium or magnesium soaps when the shampoo is rinsed off the hair (example: EDTA)
SEQUESTERING AGENTS
Enhance the aesthetic of a shampoo formulations
Dyes
To overcome “Squeaky” clean feel of shampooed hair is frequently accompanied by difficult combing and substantial “fly away.”
CONDITIONERS
