Study Set Content:
A minority becomes dependent and addicted, abuse is a very serious public health problem.
ALCOHOL
The pharmacology of alcohol is (), and no single () mediates all of its effects. alcohol alters the function of several receptors and cellular functions, including GABA A receptors, Kir3/GIRK channels, adenosine reuptake (through the equilibrative nucleoside transporter, ENT1), glycine receptor, NMDA receptor, and 5-HT 3 receptor
complex, receptor
Dependence becomes apparent () hours after cessation of heavy drinking as a withdrawal syndrome include tremor (mainly of the hands), nausea and vomiting. excessive sweating, agitation, and anxiety.
6-12
Treatment of ethanol withdrawal is supportive and relies on
benzodiazepines
Treatment of ethanol withdrawal is supportive and relies on benzodiazepines, taking care to use compounds such as(), which are not as dependent on hepatic metabolism as most other benzodiazepines.
oxazepam and lorazepam
n patients in whom monitoring is not reliable and liver function is adequate, a longer acting benzodiazepine such as () is preferred.
chlordiazepoxide
As in the treatment of all chronic drug abuse problems, heavy reliance is placed on psychosocial approaches to ()
alcohol addiction.
This is perhaps even more important for the alcoholic patient because of the ubiquitous presence of alcohol in many
social contexts
is highly addictive (relative risk = 5)
Cocaine
An alkaloid found in the leaves of (), a shrub indigenous to the Andes. Mainly as a local anesthetic and to dilate pupils in ophthalmology.
Erythroxylon coca
is a water-soluble salt that can be injected or absorbed by any mucosal membrane
Cocaine hydrochloride
Cocaine hydrochloride is a water-soluble salt that can be injected or absorbed by any mucosal membrane (eg, nasal snorting). When heated in an alkaline solution, it is transformed into the free base, "()", which can then be smoked.
crack cocaine
is rapidly absorbed in the lungs and penetrates swiftly into the brain, producing an almost instantaneous "rush."
Inhaled crack cocaine
Cocaine increases the risk for
ntracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and seizures.
Overdose may lead to
hyperthermia, coma, and death.
Cravings are very strong and very high addiction liability o
cocaine
No specific antagonist is available, and management of intoxication remains
supportive
Group of synthetic, indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs that cause the release of endogenous biogenic amines, such as dopamine and noradrenaline.
AMPHETAMINES
exert their effects by reversing the action of biogenic amine transporters at the plasma membrane.
Amphetamine, methamphetamine,
Once in the cell, amphetamines interfere with the (), depleting synaptic vesicles of their neurotransmitter content.
vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)
