Study Set Content:
Occasionally, the doubly bonded oxygen is considered a substituent, and the prefix oxo is used.
Occasionally, the doubly bonded oxygen is considered a substituent, and the prefix oxo is used.
Boiling point of aldehydes and ketones increases with increase in
molecular weight
Boiling point depends upon the strength of the
intermolecular forces
As the molecules get longer and the number of electrons increases, the attraction between them also increases.
Vander Waals dispersion forces
For both aldehydes and ketones the boiling point increases with the increase in number of
carbon atoms
- Because of the presence of carbon-oxygen double bond both aldehydes and ketones are polar in nature.
Vander Waals dipole-dipole attraction:
Aldehydes and ketones are soluble in water but their solubility decreases with an increase in the
length of chain
- are those aldehydes and ketones which are of small size and are miscible with water in almost all proportions.
Methanal, ethanal and propanone
- cannot form hydrogen bonds with themselves, but they can have hydrogen bonds with water molecules and this forms the basis for good solubility of aldehydes and ketones in water.
aldehydes and ketones
- are oxidized to give aldehydes
Primary alcohols
- are oxidized to give ketones
Secondary alcohols
- hydration of a terminal alkyne to yield a methyl ketone
- Friedel-Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring
Aldehydes oxidized to yield
Carboxylic acids
RCHO → RCO2H; caused by
- -CHO proton removed
- are unreactive toward oxidation
Ketones
- the most common reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones
Nucleophilic addition
- a nucleophile adds to the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group
Nucleophilic addition
Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones can take place under
basic or acidic conditions
Some negatively charged nucleophiles
Some neutral nucleophiles
