Study Set Content:
HO2CCH2CH2CH2CH2CO2H
ADIPIC AND ADIPOYL
ACRYLIC AND ACRYLOYL
MALEIC (cis) and MALEOYL
IF TRANS
FUMARIC (Trans) and Fumaroyl
Benzoic and Benzoyl
(ionic compounds, and are typically solids at room temperature): formed when carboxylic acids react with strong bases (NaOH/KOH)
Carboxylate salts
- More soluble in water than C.A (from which they are derived)
- important in the formation of soaps
Carboxylate salts
RCO2COR'
Acid anhydrides
RCOX
Acid halides
from simple carboxylic acids and cyclic anhydrides from dicarboxylic acids are named by replacing the word acid with anhydride
Symmetrical anhydrides
those prepared from two different carboxylic acids—are named by citing the two acids alphabetically and then adding anhydride.
Unsymmetrical anhydrides
RCONH2
AMIDES
RCO2R'
ESTERS
R—C≡N
NITRILES
- The alkoxide intermediate expels one of the substituents originally bonded to the carbonyl carbon leading to the formation of a new carbonyl compound
NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
- Acyl group bonded to -Y (stable leaving group/anion)
- Nucleophile reacts, -Y leaves and a new carbonyl compound forms
- Acyl group bonded to -Y (stable leaving group/anion)
- Nucleophile reacts, -Y leaves and a new carbonyl compound forms
Reaction with water to yield a carboxylic acid
HYDROLYSIS
Reaction with an alcohol to yield an ester
ALCOHOLYSIS
Reaction with ammonia or an amine to yield an amide
AMINOLYSIS
Reaction with a hydride reducing agent to yield an alcohol
REDUCTION
