Study Set Content:
- Amount of product that is theoretically possible
Keq
- Amount of energy required to break a given bond to produce two radical fragments when the molecule is in the gas phase at 25°C
Bond dissociation energy
- is determined by the type of bond
Energy
- Changes in bonds can be used to calculate net changes in
heat
- Highest energy point in a reaction step
Transition state
Energy required to go from reactant to transition state
Activation energy
In the addition of HBr
Transition-state structure for the first step
- π bond between the carbons begin to break
- C–H bond is partially formed
- H–Br bond begins to break
Once the transition state is reached the reaction may:
- Continue to give the carbocation product
- Revert back to reactants
- If a reaction occurs in more than one step, it must involve species that are neither the reactant nor the final product called
reaction intermediate
Each step has its own
free energy of activation
Laboratory reactions are often carried out in an
organic solvent
Biological reactions occur in an
aqueous medium inside cells
- Often done using relatively simple reagents
- Catalyst might be used
Lab reactions
- Involve relatively complex reagents called coenzymes
- Enzymes provide an alternative mechanism that makes life possible
Biological reactions
Pocket in an enzyme where a substrate is bound and undergoes reaction
Active site
- Molecules that are not the same as their mirror image
Enantiomers
Greek: Enatio
opposite
A result of tetrahedral bonding to four different substituents.
Enantiomers
has 4 different groups (-H, -OH, -CH3, and -CO2H) bonded to the central carbon atom. Both are found in sour milk, but only the (+) enantiomer occurs in muscle tissue.
Lactic Acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid)
Reason for Handedness in Molecules:
Chirality
