Study Set Content:
The nucleophilic site can be
neutral or negatively charged
The electrophilic site can be
neutral or positively charged
- reactions go in either forward or reverse directions
equilibrium
- Keq
The multiplied concentrations of the products divided by the multiplied concentrations of the reactant is the equilibrium constant
- If value of Keq is > 1
- Indicates that product concentration term is larger than the reactant concentration term
- Reaction takes place from left to right
If Keq is 1
Quantity of reactant and product present at equilibrium is large
- If value of Keq is < 1
- Reaction takes place in the reverse direction
Change in energy that occurs during a chemical reaction
Gibbs free energy
Gibbs free energy
△G = G (products) - G (reactants)
- Reaction that has positive free energy change
Energy is lost
Exergonic
- Reaction that has positive free energy change
Energy is absorbed
endergonic
Standard free energy change at 1 atm pressure and 298 K is denoted as
△G°
Relationship between free energy change and an equilibrium constant is:
△G° = - RT in Keq
R
1.987 cal/(K . mol)
T
Temperature in Kelvin
In Keq = Natural logarithm of Keq
- Measure of change in total bonding energy during a reaction called heat of reaction
Enthalpy change
- Reaction that releases heat
Exothermic
- Reaction that absorbs heat
Endothermic
- Measure of the change in the amount of molecular randomness
Entropy Change
tells the position of the equilibrium
Keq
