Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology
Kidney
Concentration of Urine
• Ability to concentrate urine depends
on
– Length of loop of Henle (kangaroo
rat has very long one)
– Gradient of osmolarity
– Countercurrent mechanisms to
maintain osmotic gradient (see
below)
• Salt glands (e.g., marine birds)
– Active salt transport via Na
+
/K
+
pump and Na
+
/Cl
-
cotransport
– 2-3 times blood osmolarity
Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology
Kidney
-
+
-
Aldosterone and ADH
• Aldosterone:
– Releases from adrenal cortex
– Increases Na
+
reabsorption
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
– Also called vasopressin
– Released from pituitary in
response to angiotensin II,
osmotic and blood pressures
– Increase water reabsorption
• Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
– Released from atrium in
response to pressure
– Inhibits release of renin and
ADH to increase urine
production
+
ACE
Inhibitors
ADH
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Osmotic Pressures
Baroreceptors
In
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Alcohol