Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology
Kidney
Countercurrent Multiplier
• Loop with active
transporters between the
arms loops
• Leads to cumulative
concentration increase
• Requires:
– Active Transport
between arms
– Constant flow into loop
• Concentration gradient
along the entire arm is
greater than between
arms.
• Passive system reduces
the gradient, e.g.,
reducing heat loss to the
heat sink.
Active
Passive
Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology
Kidney
Countercurrents in the Kidney
1) Active transport of salt
•
Increased osmolarity
•
Lower water permeability
2) Osmotic passive transport of water
•
Low NaCl, urea permeability
3) Passive diffusion of urea
•
Only place with high urea
permeability
4) Osmotic diffusion of water
•
Produces high osmolarity
filtrate and bottom of loop
5) Diffusion of salt
•
Low water permeability
•
Produces low osmolarity filtrate
at top of loop
•
Overall effect is concentration
of urine
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