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Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology

Kidney

Countercurrent Multiplier

• Loop with active 

transporters between the 

arms loops

• Leads to cumulative 

concentration increase

• Requires:

– Active Transport 

between arms

– Constant flow into loop

• Concentration gradient 

along the entire arm is 

greater than between 

arms.

• Passive system reduces 

the gradient, e.g., 

reducing heat loss to the 

heat sink.

Active

Passive

Bioengineering 6000 CV Physiology

Kidney

Countercurrents in the Kidney

1) Active transport of salt

Increased  osmolarity

Lower water permeability

2) Osmotic passive transport of water

Low NaCl, urea permeability

3) Passive diffusion of urea

Only place with high urea 

permeability

4) Osmotic diffusion of water

Produces high osmolarity 

filtrate and bottom of loop

5) Diffusion of salt

Low water permeability

Produces low osmolarity filtrate 

at top of loop

Overall effect is concentration 

of urine

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Comments:

Overview of Renal Function

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