Study Set Content:
Factors to consider in selecting a suitable antioxidant:
physiologically
inert
toxicity
Factors to consider in selecting a suitable antioxidant:
physiologically
inert
toxicity
solubility
Very strong reducing agent
The formation of free iodine is prevented in diluted hydroiodic acid
and syrup
▪ Its presence in ferrous iodide syrup ensures the non-formation of
both ferric ions and molecular iodine
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID (HPH2O2)
Synonym: sulfurous anhydride
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
It will protect many susceptible compounds from oxidation by
reducing oxidized forms back to their original compounds by
reacting with oxygen before the susceptible compounds do
▪ It is usually in injectable preparations in ampules or vials
▪ It is used in industry to bleach wood pulp, to fumigate grains and to
arrest fermentation
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
Sodium Hydrogen sulfite, sodium acid sulfite and leucogen
SODIUM BISULFITE (NaHSO3) or SODIUM METABISULFITE (Na2S2O5)
It prevents oxidation of the compounds of phenol or catechol
nucleus to quinones
▪ Bisulfite may also be found in ascorbic acid injections as a reducing
agent
SODIUM BISULFITE (NaHSO3) or SODIUM METABISULFITE (Na2S2O5)
Uses:
▪ Its oxidation polarity allows the compound to act as a reducing
agent
▪ Acts as an antidote for cyanide poisoning
SODIUM THIOSULFATE (Na2S2O3)
Uses:
▪ Nitrite can act as both a reducing and oxidizing agent. Reduction of
compounds with sodium nitrite results in formation of nitrates
▪ It is an antidote for cyanide poisoning
SODIUM NITRTIE
is the container material of choice for most small volume infusions.
- It is composed chiefly of silicon dioxide, with varying amounts of other oxides like
Glass
Glass is composed chiefly
silicon dioxide,
Glass is formed by
silicon dioxide tetrahedron.
Glass types are determined from the result of two USP tests:
o the powdered glass test
o water attack test
TYPE I
BOROSILICATE GLASS
Composed principally of silicon dioxide and boric oxide, with low
levels of the non-network forming oxides, it is chemically resistant
glass (low leachability) with low thermal coefficient of expansion
TYPE I – BOROSILICATE GLASS
suitable for all products
TYPE I – BOROSILICATE GLASS
TYPE II
SODA-LIME TREATED GLASS
The relatively high proportions of sodium oxide and calcium oxide
makes this glass type chemically less resistant melts at lower temperature, rendering it easier to mold into
various shapes; and has a higher thermal coefficient of expansion
than type I
▪ It has a lower concentration of the migratory oxides than type
TYPE II – SODA-LIME TREATED GLASS
These glasses are composed of relatively high proportions of
sodium oxide and calcium oxide, a combination that renders the
glass chemically less resistant
TYPE III – SODA-LIME GLASS
They melt at lower temperature, are easier to mold into various
shapes, and have a higher thermal coefficient of expansion than
type I
▪ Type III glasses are suitable principally for anhydrous liquids or dry
substances
TYPE III – SODA-LIME GLASS
