Study Set Content:
Soda-lime glasses not suitable for containers for parenteral
NP – NON PARENTERAL
Acts by reducing the stomach acid content either by directly neutralizing
hydrogen ion H+ or reducing the amount of acid produced. Some anti-ulcer
agents may act to coat existing ulcers to prevent further damage
Anti-ulcer agents
Mechanism: Neutralizes excess stomach acids
▪ Indications: gastroesophageal reflux, ulcers
▪ Side effects:
• Constipation and hypophosphatemia (due to aluminum
hydroxide)
• Diarrhea and hypermagnesemia (due to magnesium
hydroxide)
▪ Example: Gaviscon, Kremil-S, Maalox
ANTACIDS
Mechanism: acts to coat the mucosal lining as well as any
preexisting ulcers
▪ Indications: short term treatment and prophylactic treatment of
ulcers
▪ Example: Sucralfate tablet
▪ Side effect: Constipation
LOCAL ACTING DRUGS
Mechanism: decreases the effect histamine has on the hydrogen
receptor sites (H2 receptor sites)
▪ Indications:
• Prophylactic treatment for stress ulcer and active
gastric/duodenal ulcers
▪ Example: Tagamet, Zantac
HISTAMINE-2 ANTAGONISTS
Mechanism: by blocking the cholinergic receptor sites these drugs
decrease intestinal motility and gastric secretions
▪ Indications: peptic ulcer disease
CHOLINERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
- Act on centers in the brain to reduce the incidence of vomiting
- Indications: prevention or treatment of Nausea and vomiting
- Example: Plasil, phergan, metoclopramine, phenothiazine
- Side effects: hypotension, dizziness, dry mouth
Anti-emetics
The final category
speed up or slow down the intestinal
system.
slows Gastrointestinal motility (slows GI motility)
• decreases the fluid content in the stool
ANTI-DIARRHEALS
increase the water content of the stool or increase
gastrointestinal motility (increase GI motility)
▪ Indications: constipation
▪ Example: Dulcolax, Bisacodyl USP
LAXATIVES
Anti-ulcer agents
Antacids
Histamine 2-antagonists
Local acting drugs
Cholinergic blocking agents
magnesium hydroxide, milk of magnesia, magnesia tablets, alumina and
magnesia oral suspension
present official magnesium antacids
Precipitated calcium carbonate (and tablets), calcium carbonate and magnesia
tablets, and Calcium and magnesium carbonates tablets.
Official Calcium Antacids
Aluminum hydroxide gel, dried aluminum hydroxide gel (and capsules and
tablets), aluminum phosphate gel, dihydroxyaluminum aminoactetate (and
magma, and capsules and tablets),
Official aluminum antacids:
are used as
systemic alkalizers.
Sodium bicarbonate USP and potassium bicarbonate USP
are employed as systemic acidifiers
Ammonium chloride USP, monobasic sodium phosphate USP, and
calcium chloride USP
are used locally, where the medicine is applied on the area
being treated.
Topical agents
Topical administration means application to body surfaces such as the
skin or
mucous membrane
they are applied directly to the skin
epicutaneous
and/or their various solutions
are cited in the USP.
Hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, iodine,
