Study Set Content:
ex: present in small quantities
stereoptenes
METHODS OF OBTAINING VOLATILE OILS
1. Distillation
a) water distillation
b) water and steam distillation
c) direct steam distillation
2. Expression
a) sponge process
b) ecuelle method
c) machine process
3. Extraction
a) maceration
b) percolation
c) digestion
d) infusion
e) decoction
METHODS OF OBTAINING VOLATILE OILS
1. Distillation
2. Expression
3. Extraction
4. Enzymatic hydrolysis
5. Enfleurage
6. Destructive distillation
applied to plant material that is dried and not subject to injury by boiling.
water distillation
employed for either dried or fresh substances that maybe injured by boiling.
water and steam distillation
pplicable to fresh plant drugs.
direct steam distillation
ex: turpentine
water distillation
ex: cinnamon, clove
water and steam distillation
ex: peppermint, spearmint
direct steam distillation
this method produces the most fragrant product because there are few volatile oils whose aroma is not injuriously affected by the action of heat
EXPRESSION
EXPRESSION ex:
citrus family (orange, lemon, bergamot, lime)
PRINCIPAL METHOD OF EXTRACTION:
• Maceration Percolation
• Digestion
• Infusion
• Decoction
➢ Involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plants or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by use of selective solvents in standard extraction procedures.
EXTRACTION
concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with suitable menstrua, evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent and adjustment of the residual masses or powders to the prescribed standards (USP)
Extracts-
solvent used for extraction
Menstruum
the inert fibrous and other insoluble remaining after extraction.
Marc-
MACERATION
• the plant is placed in a closed container with the extracting solvent and allowed to stand at room temperature for a period of time____ with frequent agitation.
(3 to 7 days)
the mixture then is filtered, the marc is
pressed.
