As the diastolic filling increases, the forces of contraction of the ventricles is increased.
Principle of this law is in ultrastructure of the cardiac muscle.
Physiological roles of the FS law:
1/ maintaining the equal CO
s
of RV and LV
2/ compensation of the law of Laplace „pressure evoked by wall of a cavity is reciprocal to its
diameter“
or: the distending pressure in a distensible hollow object is equal to the tension in the wall
(T) divided by the radius
3/ regulation of the CO
s
during venous return changes
b) Homeometric regulation – „Bowditch´s stairs“
– effect of heart rate on the force of contraction
Regulation due to changes in contractility independent on length – „force – frequency relation“
Principle - increased availibility of intracellular Ca
+2
.
Physiological role: better emptying of the ventricles during tachycardia
Optimal and critical frequency.
NEURAL CONTROL:
The autonomic nervous system:
1) Parasympathetic nervous system (craniosacral division) = cranial nerves: III, VII, IX, X,
sacral. S
2
- S
4
Cholinergic system, receptors of muscarin type (M-receptors), blockade by the atropine.
Tonic discharge in vagus = vagal tone
After blockade (cutting X./atropine) – tachycardia (of 70 to 150/min)
Development of the vagal tone in ontogeny:
Newborns – weak tone – HR = 120/min.
During infancy – the tone rises – mainly in pubertal age
Sportsmen - stronger vagal tone
2) Sympathetic nervous system (thoracico – lumbar) = Th
1
– L
3-4
Noradrenergic system, receptors NA(A)
Receptors – alpha – mainly in vessels – vasoconstriction
- beta (heart-beta
1
) – positive tropic effects
Tonic discharge in the cardiac sympathetic nerves = sympathetic tone
After blockade – beta
1
sympatholytics – bradycardia (of 70 to 55-60/min).
Vagal tone in humans – dominant
.
Cardiomotoric center
Located bilaterally in the reticular substance of the medulla and in the lower third of the pons.
The
lateral portions
transmit excitatory impulses through the sympathetic nerve fibers to the
heart with positive tropic effects =
cardioexcitatory part
.