2. (i). POWDERS
Powders Pharmaceutical Powders are intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and/ or
chemicals that may be intended for internal (oral powders) or external (topical or dusting powder) use.
Powders represent one of the oldest dosage forms. It is a preparation in which drug is blended
with other powdered substances and used for internal or external purpose. Powder as a dosage form
permits drugs to be reduced to a very fine state of division, which often enhances their therapeutic
activity or efficacy by an increase of dissolution rate and/ or absorption. Divided powders are also found
to be convenient for administering drugs that are excessively bitter, nauseous, or otherwise to the taste
.
Although powders are not used now-a-days extensively as a dosage form, they are widely used
in preparation of various dosage forms. Powdered drugs can be blended with other powdered materials
prior to fabrication into other solid dosage forms such as tablet and capsule. Powdered drugs are
frequently added to other ingredient to make ointments, pastes, suppositories, and others.
A good powder formulation has a uniform particle size distribution. If the particle size
distribution is not uniform particle size. If the particle size distribution is not uniform, the powder can
segregate as per to particle size which may result in inaccurate dosing or inconsistent performance. A
uniform particle size distribution ensures a uniform dissolution rate if the powder is to dissolve, a
uniform sedimentation rate if the powder is used to remain in a suspension and minimizes stratification
when powders are stored or transported.
ADVANTAGES
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Powders being the solid preparation are more stable than liquid and semi-solid preparations.
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Convenient forms, to dispense large dose of drugs. They can be best administered in powder
form by mixing them with food or drinks
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Since powders are in the form of small particles they offer a large surface area and are rapidly
dissolved in the gastrointestinal tract minimizing the problems of local irritation.
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More convenient to swallow, faster dissolution and absorption than tablets or capsules.
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Powders offer a lot of flexibility in compounding or incompatible solids and possess good
chemical stability.
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They are easy to apply
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They absorb skin moisture, which leads to reduced friction between skin surfaces, discourages
bacterial growth and has a cooling effect.
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Can be applied to many body cavities such as ears, nose, tooth socket and throat.
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Can be made into many different dosage formulations eg capsules, tablets, powders for
reconstitution, dusting powders, bulk powders, powders for inhalation etc.
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Highly compatible compared to liquid dosage forms.
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Manufacturing of powder is economic hence product cost is quite low as compared to other
dosage forms.