Drug B
Effect B
Drug A + Drug B
Effect AB
Relationship
Name of the effect
Examples
Effect AB = Effect A + Effect B
Additive effect
Aspirin + Paracetamol
Effect AB > Effect A + Effect B
Synergistic
(or
potentiation)
Sulfamethaxazole + Trimethoprim
Effect AB < Effect A + Effect B
Antagonism
Histamine + Adrenaline
11. Idiosyncrasy
This an exceptional response to a drug in few individual patients. For example, in some
patients, aspirin may cause asthma, penicillin causes irritating rashes on the skin etc.
12.
Genetic diseases
Some patients may have genetic defects. They lack some enzymes. In those cases some drugs
are contraindicated.
e.g.
Patients
lacking Glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase enzyme
should
not
be
given primaquin (an antimalarial drug) because it will cause hemolysis.
13. Tolerance
Some time higher dose of a drug is required to produce a given response (previously less dose
was required).
Natural Tolerance: Some races are inherently less sensitive to some drugs, e.g. rabbits and black
race (Africans) are more tolerant to atropine.
Acquired Tolerance: By repeated use of a drug in an individual for a long time require larger
dose to produce the same effect that was obtained with normal dose previously.
Cross tolerance: It is the development of tolerance to pharmacologically related drugs e.g.
alcoholics are relatively more tolerant to sedative drugs.
Tachyphylaxis: (Tachy = fast, phylaxis = protection) is rapid development of tolerance. When
doses of a drug are repeated in quick succession a reduction in response occurs
–
this is called tachyphylaxis. This is usually seen in ephedrine, nicotine.
Drug resistance: It refers to tolerance of microorganisms to inhibitory action of antimicrobials
e.g. Staphylococci to penicillin.