Study Set Content:
Joint laboratory and patient involvement
Health care
Clinical sciences essential to professional training
Health care
Private sector basis
Health care
Public sector basis
Public Health
o Vehicle for public discourse o Health education and promotion o Health communication o Social media as catalyst
Media
o Employer-sponsored health insurance programs o Wellness initiatives and benefits
employers and businesses
o City planning o Education o Health in all policies
Government agencies
o Healthy workplaces and communities
Employers and Businesses
o Education o Training o Research o Public Service
Academia
Determining and Influencing the Public’s Health Health Determinants (Dahlgren and Whitehead Rainbow Model)
Genes and Biology
Health behaviors
Social or societal characteristics
Health services or medical care
o Sex, age, genetic makeup ( associated with race, ethnicity, etc)
Genes and biology
o Eating habits, physical activities, etc.
Health behaviors
Total Ecology, discrimination, quality of air & water, sanitation of the area, etc. food choices, etc
Social or societal characteristics
o Insurance coverage, hospital responsiveness, immunity, level of education, access to vitamins, etc.
Health services or medical care
Healthy People 2020 defined a () is a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with economic, social, or environmental disadvantage. () adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater social or economic obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group, religion, socioeconomic -status, gender, age, or mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical disability; sexual orientation or gender identity; geographic location; or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion.”
health disparity
is the principle underlying a commitment to reduce—and, ultimately, eliminate— disparities in health and in its determinants, including social determinants. Pursuing health equity means striving for the highest possible standard of health for all people and giving special attention to the needs of those at greatest risk of poor health, based on social conditions.
Health equity
First, a massive body of evidence strongly links economic/social () with avoidable illness, disability, suffering, and premature death.4–9 Second, economic/social disadvantage can be ameliorated by (), such as minimum wage laws, progressive taxation, and statutes barring discrimination in housing or employment based on race, gender, disability, or sexual orientation.
disadvantage, social policies
These differences in health outcomes are known as ()– unfair and avoidable differences in health across the population, and between different groups within society. Health inequalities arise because of the conditions in which we are born, grow, live, work and age. These conditions influence our opportunities for good health, and how we think, feel and act, and this shapes our mental health, physical health and wellbeing.
health inequalities
The ‘rainbow’ model of health inequities is a socioecological model in which determinants of health and potential policy interventions are organized on five hierarchical levels. These are, in descending order()with the latter being individual-level stable characteristics. On these levels, socalled “positive health factors”, “protective factors”, and “risk factors” are assumed to influence health—for example, on level (ii), hazardous working conditions would constitute a health risk factor. The unequal distribution of these factors is considered a determinant of health inequities—a violation of the ideal that everyone should be able to achieve their full health potential regardless of their social position or other socially determined factors.
(i) general socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions, (ii) living and working conditions, (iii) social and community networks, (iv) individual lifestyle factors, and (v) age, sex and constitutional factors,
The causes of health inequalities or disparities are complex, but are generally associated with variation in a range of factors that positively or negatively influence our ability to be healthy. This includes individual health-related behaviour, such as:
smoking and diet
access to services
social deprivation
access to work
education levels
social networks
how much control we feel we have over our lives
