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After students can accurately identify the sound patterns and effects in poems, teachers
may consider introducing adjectives that describe different sounds (e.g. nasal, plosive,
glottal sounds) for students who are ready for more advanced analysis of the qualities of
English sounds. The chart below could be used:
Metre/Foot can be another difficult concept for secondary students. Some poetic forms
are characterised by specific metrical patterns (e.g. the use of iambic pentametre in
Shakespearean sonnets). The metric pattern affects the rhythm of the poem and metrical
variations/irregularities often have implications on themes and ideas in the poem.
Teachers may introduce different foot and metre types to students with examples from
poems students study or encounter. Common types are listed in the table below:
Foot type
Adjective to
describe the style
Stress pattern
Number of
syllables
Iamb
Iambic
Unstressed + Stressed
da-DUM ( x / )
2
Trochee
Trochaic
Stressed + Unstressed
DUM-da ( / x )
2
Spondee
Spondaic
Stressed + Stressed
DUM-DUM ( / / )
2