Study Set Content:
Readily metabolized by ADH to (), which is then oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to () (acidosis).
lactaldehyde, lactate
These solvents undergo rapid ester hydrolysis in vivo, and exhibit the same toxicity profile as unesterified glycols.
EG monomethyl ether, also called 2- methoxyethanol, EG dimethyl ether, 2-butoxyethanol, and 2-ME acetate.
Glycol ethers are metabolized to () acids, which are regarded as the ultimate toxicants. Their acetaldehyde precursors have also been implicated.
alkoxyacetic
With increasing alkyl chain length, reproductive and developmental toxicity (), whereas hematotoxicity ()
decreases, increases
Is a mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons predominantly in the range of C4 to C12. • The most extreme exposures occur to those intentionally sniffing gasoline or its euphoric effects. o Can cause acute and chronic encephalopathies that are expressed as both motor and cognitive impairment.
GASOLINE
Ingestion of gasoline during siphoning events is typically followed by a burning sensation in the mouth and pharynx, as well as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea resulting from () irritation.
GI
Gasoline aspirated into the lungs may produce
• pulmonary epithelial damage, edema, and pneumonitis
Two distinct metabolic pathways or CS2 exist: o The() interaction of CS2 with free amine and sulfhydryl groups of amino acids and polypeptides to form dithiocarbamates and trithiocarbonates o ()of CS2 to reactive sulfur intermediates capable of covalently binding tissue macromolecules
direct,Microsomal metabolism
is capable of targeting multiple organ systems including the cardiovascular system, CNS and PNS, male and female fertility, and eyes (retinal angiopathy and impairment of color vision).
CS2
Most common neurotoxic effect is a distal sensorimotor neuropathy that preferentially affects long axons in the()and () (particularly the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord and the visual pathways).
PNS and CNS
with motor and cognitive impairment has also been reported following chronic, low-level exposure to CS2.
Encephalopathy
The following clinical syndromes have been associated with CS2
Acute and chronic encephalopathy (often with prominent psychiatric manifestations) o Polyneuropathy (both peripheral and cranial) o Parkinsonism o Asymptomatic CNS and PNS dysfunction
pathology consists of neuronal degeneration throughout the cerebral hemispheres, with maximal diffuse involvement in the frontal regions
CNS
consist primarily of myelin swelling and fragmentation and large focal axonal swellings, characteristic of distal axonopathy
PNS changes
Toxic effects of plants serve primarily as () against natural predators.
defense mechanisms
Blockade of muscarinic cholinoceptors
Antimuscarinic
Inhibition of cellular Na+, K+, - ATPase increases contractility, enhanced vagal effect
Cardiotoxic
Blockade of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor on the neuronal chloride channel, alteration of acetylcholine homeostasis, mimic excitatory amino acids, sodium channel alteration, hypoglycemia
Convulsant
Gastric acid hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides releases cyanide
Cyanogenic
Sodium channel activatiion
Dysrhythmia
