Study Set Content:
Of these four elements, only oxygen and nitrogen atoms contribute significantly to the dipole, hydrogen-bonding capability (specifically as hydrogen bond donors) of; Functional groups that contain a bond between
nitrogen and hydrogen atoms e.g. primary and secondary amines and amides, NH, and CONH groups
As a general rule, the more(blank)that are possible between a drug molecule, and water, the greater the water solubility of the molecule
hydrogen bonds
Each intramolecular hydrogen bond decreases (blank) (and increase lipid solubility) because there is one less interaction possibility with water.
water solubility
Ion-dipole interaction
Ionization
Ionization Can occur with
organic salts
Occurs between either a (blank) found in a permanent dipole.
cation and the partially negatively charged atom
Occurs between either a cation and the partially negatively charged atom found in a permanent dipole. Ex
the oxygen atom in water
Or an (blank) found in a permanent dipole.
anion and the partially positively charged atom
Or an anion and the partially positively charged atom found in a permanent dipole. Ex: the
hydrogen atoms in water
(blank) organic salts are very water soluble
Not all
Highly dissociable salts are those formed from
Strong acids with strong bases
Weak acids with strong bases
Strong acids with weak bases
Strong acids with strong bases example
sodium chloride
Weak acids with strong bases
sodium phenobarbital
Strong acids with weak bases Ex:
Atropine Sulfate
Strong acids are (blank) ionized in water
100%
NO ionization constant or pKa values o
Hydrohalic
Hydrohalic
Characteristics of strong acids
Sulfuric
Nitric
Perchloric acids
All other acids (e.g. phosphoric, tartaric, acetic, and other organic acids, and phenols) are partially ionized with pKa values from 1 to 14, and are, therefore considered to be
moderate or weak acids
3
