Study Set Content:
Pharmacognosy, the science that deals with medicinal products of plant, animal, or mineral origin in their crude state, was replaced by
physiologic chemistry.
The emphasis was shifted from finding new medicaments from the vast world of plants to finding the (blank) that accounted for their pharmacologic properties.
active ingredients
the isolation of morphine
Friedrich Sertürner
Isolated emetine from ipecacuanha in 1816
➢ Pierre-Joseph Pelletier
for the treatment of edema.
William Withering
purification of caffeine, quinine, and colchicine in 1820 all contributed to the increased use of “pure” substances as therapeutic agents.
Pierre-Joseph Pelletier
isolated cocaine in 1860
Albert Niemann
in 1864, he isolated the active ingredient, physostigmine, from the Calabar bean.
Albert Niemann
Albert Niemann he isolated the active ingredient, (blank), from the Calabar bean.
physostigmine
As a result of these discoveries and the progress made in organic chemistry, the (blank) came into being at the end of the 19th century.
pharmaceutical industry
the 20th Century and the Pharmaceutical Industry
Diseases of protozoal and spirochetal origin responded to
synthetic chemotherapeutic agents.
reported red dyestuff 2,4-diaminoazobenzene4′- sulfonamide (Prontosil) dramatically cured dangerous systemic gram-positive bacterial infections in man and animals.
Gerhard Domagk
observed that the bacteriostatic action of sulfonamide-like drugs is antagonized by paminobenzoic acid is one of the early examples in which a balance of stimulatory and inhibitory properties depends on the structural analogies of chemicals
Woods and Fildes (1940)
– only inhibits the growth of bacteria
Bacteriostatic –
discovery of penicillin
Alexander Fleming
conducted a subsequent examination of penicillin which led to a water-soluble powder of much higher antibacterial potency and lower toxicity than that of previously known synthetic chemotherapeutic agents.
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
With the discovery of a variety of highly potent (blank), a significant change was introduced into medical practice.
antiinfective agents
Psychiatrists have been using agents active in the (blank)for hundreds of years.
central nervous system
were used to modify the mood and mental states of psychiatric patients.
• Stimulants and depressants
were used to stimulate or depress the mental states of patients.
Amphetamine, sedatives, and hypnotics
