Study Set Content:
Two reactants exchanging parts to form two new products
substitution reactions
- Single reactant yielding an isomeric product through reorganization of its bonds and atoms
Rearrangement reactions
Mechanisms by which Most Reactions Take Place:
Radical polar
Processes that involve symmetrical bond-breaking and bond-making
Radical reactions
- Neutral chemical species containing odd number of electrons
- Has a single, unpaired electron in one of its orbitals
Radical
- Processes involving unsymmetrical bond-breaking and bond-making
Polar reactions
- Not as common in comparison to polar reactions
and reacts to complete electron octet of valence shell
Radical reactions
- A radical can add to an alkene to give a new radical, causing an addition reaction
- A radical can add to an alkene to give a new radical, causing an addition reaction
Steps required for Methyl Chlorination:
Initiation propagation,Termination
Initiation
Reaction with molecule to generate radical
Propagation
Combination of two radicals to form a stable product
termination
Tendency of atoms in a molecule to undergo polarization
Polarizability
larger atoms
easily polarize
smaller atoms
less polarize
Electron-rich species that donate electron pairs to electrophile in a polar bond-forming reaction
Nucleophile
substances that accept electron pairs from a nucleophile is a LEWIS ACID
electrophile
- occur by combination of an electron-rich site of a nucleophile and an electron-deficient site of an electrophile
Polar reactions
- substance that contains a trivalent, positively charged carbon atom having six electrons in its outer shell
Carbocation
Electrons move from a nucleophilic source to an electrophilic sink
Rules for Using Curved Arrows
