Study Set Content:
Chloride ion frequently Normal sodium
135-145 mEq/L
Chloride ion Chloride
95-108 mEq/L
Maintains serum osmolarity along with sodium
- Helps to maintain acid and base balance
- Combines with other ions for homeostasis; sodium, hydrochloric acid, potassium,
Calcium
- Decreased level is most commonly due to gastrointestinal losses
FUNCTIONS OF CHLORIDE
Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
- Responsible for osmolarity of vascular fluids
- Regulation of body fluid levels
- sodium shifts into cells and potassium shifts out of the cells (sodium pump)
- Assists with regulation of acid-base balance by combining with Chlorine or
carbonic acid to regulate the balance (Cl or HCO3)
FUNCTIONS OF SODIUM
Excessive sodium loss or H2O gain (water gain)
HYPONATREMIA
Occurs with excess loss of H2O or excessive retention of sodium (excess
loss of water)
o can lead to death if not treated
HYPERNATREMIA
HYPONATREMIA causes
Prolonged diuretic therapy
▪ Excessive diaphoresis
▪ Insufficient sodium intake
The most abundant cation in the body cells
Potassium
Potassium % is found in the intracellular fluid, plentiful in the gastrointestinal tract
97
Normal extracellular
K+3.5-5.3 (normal extracellular potassium ion)
Serum K+ level below that can cause cardiac arrest
2.5 or above 7.0
80-90%is excreted through the kidney
potassium
Promotes conduction and transmission of nerve impulses
o Contraction of muscle
o Promotes enzyme action
o Assist in the maintenance of acid-b
Functions of potassium
Low potassium levels
HYPOKALEMIA
Higher than normal levels of potassium
o Decreased pH (acidosis)
o Results from impaired renal function
o Metabolic acidosis
o Acts as myocardial depressant; decreased heart rate, cardiac output
o Muscle weakness
o Gastrointestinal hyperactivity
HYPERKALEMIA
About 99% of body Calcium is found
bones remaining in extracellular fluid
In cardiovascular system (CVS) Calcium is essential for
contraction coupling in
cardiac muscles as well as for the conduction of electric impulse in certain
regions of heart.
is found mainly in the extracellular fluids
Calcium
is found
mostly in the intracellular fluid.
Phosphorous
Calcium rise above normal
HYPERCALCEMIA:
