Study Set Content:
Change in blood pH can influence the degree of calcium binding to plasma
proteins. With acidosis less calcium is bound to plasma proteins. When
calcium ion concentration falls below normal, the excitability of the nerve
and muscle cells increases markedly.
HYPOCALCEMIA
This major extracellular anion is principally responsible for maintaining proper
hydration, osmotic pressure, and normal cation anion balance in vascular and
interstitial compartment.
CHLORIDE
The concentration of chloride in extracellular fluid
103 mEq/l
the concentration of chloride in intracellular fluid
4 mEq/l
Decreased chloride concentration
It can be a result of:
▪ salt losing nephritis, leading to lack of tubular reabsorption of
chloride
▪ metabolic acidosis such as found in diabetes mellitus, in renal
failure and prolonged vomiting
HYPOCHLOREMIA
Increased concentration of chloride
o May be due to:
▪ Dehydration
▪ decreased renal blood flow found with congestive heart failure
(CHF) or
▪ excessive chloride intake.
HYPERCHLOREMIA
It is principal anion of intracellular fluid compartment
- Essential for proper metabolism of calcium, normal bone and tooth development.
PHOSPHATE
It is the second most prevalent anion in extracellular fluid
- Along with carbonic acid it acts as body’s most important buffer system.
BICARBONATE
are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be
inhaled to induce a psychoactive, or mind-altering effect.
INHALANTS
are used to describe a variety of
substance whose main common characteristic is that they are rarely, if ever,
taken by any route other than inhalation
inhalants
are liquid that vaporize at room temperature
Volatile solvents
are sprays that contain propellants and solvents
Aerosol
include medical aesthetics as well as gases used in household or
commercial products.
Gases
include ether, chloroform,
halothane, and nitrous oxide
Medical anesthetics
NO2 or nitrous oxide common name
laughing gas
Synonym: dephlogisticated air, aire vital, fire air, aire puro
- Uses:
o Inhalant for pathologic conditions accompanied by cyanosis and dyspnea
o Antidote for carbon monoxide, coal gas, nitrous oxide, chloroform
poisoning
Oxygen
Synonym: carbonic gas, carbonic anhydride
- Uses: respiratory stimulant for persons suffering from impairment of respiratory
organs. Use together with 5-7% oxygen (respiratory stimulant is used if
respiratory organs are impaired)
- Inert gas in the headspace over medicinals in sealed containers
Carbon dioxide
Synonym: laughing gas, nitrogen monoxide, dinitrogen monoxide
- Use: momentary anesthesia, medical anesthetic (used in heart surgery)
Nitrous Oxide
Synonym: azote
- Use: increase shelf life easily oxidized product
Nitrogen
A mixture of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate
- At room temperature, it decomposes to ammonia and carbonate dioxides
(respiratory stimulants)
- Must be stored in a tightly sealed container
Ammonium Carbonate NF
