Study Set Content:
Prepared form ammonium carbonate, Strong ammonia solution, various aromatic
oil, alcohol, and water; Stored in a light-resistant container
Aromatic ammonia spirit USP
are drugs that help in removing sputum from the respiratory tract
either by increasing the fluidity (or reducing the viscosity) of sputum or increasing
the volume of fluids that have to be expelled from the respiratory tract by
coughing
Expectorants
Drugs such as (blank) act as stimulant expectorants
ipecacuanha
are drugs which gives rise to forced regurgitation (emesis) by which the
contents of the stomach get expelled through oral cavity. These are important in
cases of poisoning.
Emetics
– acts by local irritation of gastric mucosa
Locally acting emetics
acts directly on the chemoreceptor trigger
zone (CTZ – drugs, toxins) (right side)
Centrally acting emetics
stimulates the gastric mucosa and reflexly increases the
bronchiole secretion
Potassium iodide
acts like potassium iodide but is less potent
Ammonium chloride
a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning
ANTIDOTE
Greek word meaning given against
antididonai
prevent the absorption of poison into the body
Mechanical antidotes:
the main example is activated charcoal
Adsorbing:
a mixture of egg and milk make a coat over the mucosa
Coating:
10% alcohol or glycine for carbolic acid
Dissolving:
change the chemical nature of poison
Chemical antidotes:
Antidote make complex with toxicant making it
unavailable to cross the membrane or to interact with
receptors
Complex formation
sulfohydral compounds that bind
metals such as arsenic acid, lead)
DMSA (dimercaprol and dimercaptosuccinic
acid
Detoxification to less toxic product
Metabolic Conversion
Antidotes by different mechanism
• Complex formation
• Metabolic conversion
• Prevention of toxic metabolite formation
• By changing the physio-chemical nature of toxicant
• Antidote returns to normal function by repairing a defect]
Physiological Antidotes
interacts with hemoglobin and cyanide to form
cyanomethamoglobin, which is less toxic than cyanide
and interfere with the cyanide access to cytochrome
oxidase system
Nitrite
