Description
In this collection there will be a bunch of questions include histology, cytology and embryology
This collection is useful for medical, dental and pharmacy students and will help students to prepare for STATE exam
Study Set Content:
6
B
14
C
22
E
7
D
15
B
23
A
8
A
16
E
24
B
18. Respiratory system
1
D
7
B
13
A
19
A
2
B
8
E
14
A
20
E
3
E
9
C
15
E
21
E
4
C
10
B
16
E
22
E
5
A
11
A
17
D
6
D
12
E
18
D
19. Integumentary system
1
D
6
A
11
E
16
A
2
C
7
D
12
E
17
B
3
B
8
A
13
A
18
A
4
E
9
B
14
E
19
B
5
C
10
C
15
E
20
E
20. Urinary system
1
C
7
B
13
E
19
A
2
B
8
D
14
E
20
A
3
E
9
E
15
E
21
A
4
D
10
D
16
A
22
E
5
A
11
C
17
C
23
E
6
C
12
A
18
E
21. Male reproductive system
1
C
8
D
15
E
22
E
2
B
9
A
16
E
23
E
3
E
10
D
17
B
24
A
4
A
11
D
18
D
25
E
5
D
12
B
19
B
26
A
6
C
13
A
20
C
7
E
14
C
21
E
22. Female reproductive system
– I
1
E
7
C
13
A
19
E
2
C
8
D
14
A
20
A
3
B
9
B
15
E
21
E
4
E
10
E
16
B
5
D
11
A
17
E
6
A
12
E
18
E
23. Female reproductive system
– II
1
B
7
E
13
A
19
A
2
D
8
A
14
B
20
B
3
E
9
B
15
E
21
E
4
C
10
C
16
B
22
E
5
A
11
E
17
E
23
C
6
E
12
E
18
E
24. Initial stages of human embryonic development
1
C
8
A
15
B
22
E
2
A
9
D
16
E
23
A
3
E
10
C
17
A
24
C
4
D
11
E
18
E
25
E
5
B
12
D
19
E
6
C
13
A
20
A
7
E
14
E
21
E
25. Human embryology
1
D
9
B
17
A
25
A
2
A
10
D
18
C
26
E
3
C
11
B
19
E
27
B
4
D
12
A
20
C
28
B
5
A
13
A
21
E
29
E
6
E
14
A
22
A
7
D
15
E
23
C
8
A
16
E
24
E
CONTENT:
1. Cytology
2. Epithelial tissue
3. Blood
4. Connective tissue
5. Cartilage and Bone
6. Muscle tissue
7. Nervous tissue
8. Nervous system
9. Primary sentient sense organs
10. Secondary sentient sense organs
11. Cardiovascular system
12. Hemopoiesis. Central organs of hemopoiesis
13. Peripheral organs of hemopoiesis and immunogenesis
14. Endocrine organs
15. Digestive system
– I
16. Digestive system
– II
17. Digestive system
– III
18. Respiratory system
19. Integumentary system
20. Urinary system
21. Male reproductive system
22. Female reproductive system
– I
23. Female reproductive system
– II
24. Initial stages of human embryonic development
25. Human embryology
26. KEY
QUESTIONS TO STATE EXAM ON HISTOLOGY
CYTOLOGY
1. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Cell biological membranes .( structure, content, functions).
2. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Plasmalemma ( structure, contents, functions). Transport of materials through
the plasmalemma. Endocytosis a. exocytosis. Intercellular contacts (types, structural a. functional
characteristics).
3. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Cytoplasm ( common characteristic, classification of organelles ). Mytochondria
- structure a. functions.
4. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Classification of organelles. Lysosomes -structure, function, types.
5. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Classification of organelles. Golgi complex - structure a. functions.
6. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Classification of organelles. Endoplasmic reticulum (forms, participation in
synthesis process).
7. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Non-membraneous organelles. Microvilli, cilia a. flagella.
8. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Cytoskeleton - structure a. function. Inclusions -classification; structural,
functional a. chemical characteristics. Hyaloplasm a. its role.
9. Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Nucleus ( main role, basic components a. functional characteristics).
Euchromatin a. heterochromatin.
10.Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of
structure of eucariotic cells. Nucleus ( main role, basic components a.
functional characteristics). Nucleolus - structure a. function.
11.Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Modes of cell division.
12.Cell as structural a. functional unit of tissue. Definition, common plan of structure of
eucariotic cells. Cell cycle, periods. Basic concepts of cell theory a. its importance for biology a.
medicine.
EMBRYOLOGY
13. Sex (germ) cell - structural a. functional characteristics. Spermato- a. ovogenesis.
14. Types of ovocytes. Types of cleavage in different classes of Vertebratae.
15. Stages of embryogenesis. Fertilization.
16. Gastrulation a. its mechanisms in different Vertebratae.
17. Extraembryonic organs in Birds a. Mammals.
18. Stages of embryogenesis. Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation in human embryo.
19. Gastrulation in human embryo. Formation of primitive streak, primitive node a. their
derivatives.
20. Gastrulation in human embryo. Mesechyme a. its derivatives differentiation.
21. Differentiation of germinal layers. Development of axial structures in man. Ventral a. dorsal
mesoderm, their components a. differentiation of derivatives.
22. Differentiation of germinal layers. Development of axial structures in man. Ectoderm,
differentiation of its derivatives.
23. Differentiation of germinal layers. Development of axial structures in man. Endoderm,
differentiation of its derivatives.
24. Notions of embryonal, fetal a. postnatal histogenesis, its mechanism.
25. Placenta types in Mammals. Human placenta, its development, structure a. function.
26. Relation of human embryo with maternal organism at different stages of embryonal
development. Trophoblast, chorion a. placenta in man.
27. Amnion, its formation in Man; importance in fetal development..
28. Yolk sac, its formation in Man, importance in fetal development.
TUSSUES
29. Tissue as one of the levels of living matter organization. Definition. Classification. Notion of
cell populations. Differon. Stem cells a. their properties.
30. Tissue as one of the levels of living matter organization. Definition. Classification. Symplast
as specific cellular form. Extracellular matrix as cell derivative.
31. Tissue as one of the levels of living matter organization. Definition. Classification.
Determination a. differentiation, their molecular a. genetic mechanisms.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
32. Types of epithelia. Covering epithelium : structural a. functional characteristics,
classification. Microvilli, cilia: structure a. functions. Basement membrane a. basal lamina.
33. Exocrine glands. Structural components. Classification according to structure as well as types
and methods of secretion.
34. Endocrine glands. Structural and functional differences from exocrine glands.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
35. Connective tissues. Common characteristic a. classification. Connective tissues with specific
properties. Reticular a. adipous tissues: their location, structure a. function.
36. Connective tissues. Common characteristic a. classification. Fibrous connective tissue: cells
a. extracellular matrix.
37. Loose connective tissue: structural a. functional characteristic, cells a. extracellular matrix.
Role in inflammation a. reparation.
38. Loose connective tissue: structural a. functional characteristic, extracellular matrix. Structure
, content a. functional features of intercellular substance components. Fibroblasts a. their
functions.
39. Loose connective tissue: structural a. functional characteristic.. Cells a. extracellular matrix.
Macrophages: origin, structure a. functions. Notion of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
40. Connective tissues. Common characteristic a. classification. Cartilage tissue: development,
structure a. function. Growth a. regeneration of cartilage.
41. Bony tissue: structure, function a. classification. Histogenesis of bone: types of ossification,
fracture repair, age features.
BLOOD
42. Notion of blood system a. its structural components. .Blood as tissue, its formed elements.
Erythrocytes (RBC): number, dimerfsioris, shape , structure, chemical composition, function,
span of life. Morphology of erythrocyte aging. Reticulocytes.
43. Notion of blood system a. its structural components. Blood as tissue, its formed elements.
Thrombocytes ( platelets): number, dimensions, structure, functions, span of life. Blood formula.
44. Notion of blood system a. its structural components. Blood as tissue, its '* formed elements
45. Notion of blood system a. its structural components. Blood as tissue, its formed elements.
Classification of leucocytes. Leucocyte formula.
46. Classification of leucocytes. Leucocyte formula ( differential blood count). Characteristics of
agranulocytes. Lymphocytes: their dimensions, structure a. function. Notion of T- a. B-
lymphocytes a. their functions.
47. Classification of leucocytes. Leucocyte formula. Characteristics of agranular lymphocytes.
Monocytes: number, dimensions, structure a. function.
48. Classification of leucocytes. Leucocyte formula. Characteristics of granulocytes: types,
dimensions, structure a. functions.
49. Embryonic a. postembryonic hemopoiesis. Notion of totipotential hemopoietic stem cells
(THSC), colony-forming units (CFU), Precursors of different lymphocytes. Erythropoiesis: its
stages, maturation of RBC.
50. Embryonic a. postembryonic hemopoiesis. Notion of totipotential hemopoietic stem cells
(THSC), colony-forming units (CFU). Precursors. Granulopoiesis: its stages, maturation of
granulocytes.
51. Embryonic a. postembryonic hemopoiesis. Notion of totipotential hemopoietic stem cells
(THSC), colony-forming units (CFU). Precursors. Platelets formation a. its stages.
52. Embryonic a. postembryonic hemopoiesis. Notion of totipotential hemopoietic stem cells
(THSC), colony-forming units (CFU). Precursors. Monocytes development a. its stages.
53. Embryonic a. postembryonic hemopoiesis. Notion of totipotential hemopoietic stem cells
(THSC), colony-forming units (CFU). Precursors. Lymphopoiesis. Notion of physiological a.
reparative regeneration of the blood.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
54. Notion of immune system a. its structural components. Classification a. characteristics of
immunocytes. Cell interaction in humoral a. cellular immunity. T-lymphocytes: types a.
functions. B-lymphocytes a. plasma cells: differentiation, structure a. function. Antigene-
depending a. antigene-independing differentiations of T- a. B-lymphocytes.
55. Notion of immune system a. its structural components. Classification a. characteristics of
immunocytes. Cell interaction in humoral a. cellular immunity. Role of macrophages a. mast
cells in immune reactions.
56. Notion of immune system a. its structural components. Classification a. characteristics of
immunocytes. Cell interaction in humoral a. cellular immunity. Cell cooperation in immune
response. Notion of mediators in immune reactions: lymphokynes a. monokynes.
MUSCLE TISSUE
57. Muscle tissue. Common morphological a. functional characteristic: classification, origin,
structural a. functional role. Regeneration of muscular tissue.
58. Muscle tissue. Common morphological a. functional characteristic: classification, origin.
Smooth muscle tissue: location a. character of innervation. Structural basis of smooth muscle
cells contraction.
59. Muscle tissue. Common morphological a. functional characteristic: classification, origin.
Striated skeletal tissue. Structural a functional unit in striated skeletal muscle tissue. Myofibril a.
its structural unit ( sarcomere). Structural basis of striated muscle fibre contraction. Types of
muscle fibres.
60. Muscle tissue. Common morphological a. functional characteristic: classification, origin.
Striated skeletal muscle tissue: structure, histogenesis, regeneration. Muscle as an organ.
61. Muscle tissue. Common morphological a. functional characteristic: classification, origin.
Cardiac muscle tissue: structural a. functional characteristic, types of cardiac myocytes.
NERVOUS TISSUE
62. Nervous tissue. Structural a. functional characteristic, origin. Morphological a. functional
classification of neurons. Structural a. functional characteristics of neurons.
63. Nervous tissue. Structural a. functional characteristic, origin. Nerve fibers. Morpho-
functional characteristic of myelinated a. non-myelinated fibers. Myelin formation a.
regeneration of nerve fiber.
64. Nervous tissue. Structural a. functional characteristic, origin. Neuroglia in central a.
peripheral nervous system: origin, classification, structure a. functions.
65. Nervous tissue. Structural a. functional characteristic, origin. Receptor nerve endings:
classification, structure. Muscle spindle ( neuromuscular spindle) a. its function.
66. Nervous tissue. Structural a. functional characteristic, origin. Motor nerve ending (myoneural
junction, motor end plate).
67. Nervous tissue. Structural a. functional characteristic, origin. Synapses: classification,
structure, mechanism of synaptic transmission.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
68. Nervous system. General morphological a. functional characteristic, origin. Grey a. white
matters. Nervous nuclei. Structure of peripheral nerve . Sensory a. autonomic ganglia,
differences in their structure.
69. Spinal cord a. meninges.
70. Nervous system. Structural a. functional characteristic, origin. Autonomic nervous system,
its divisions. Comparison of somatic a. autonomic reflex arches.
71. Cerebral cortex - morpho-functional characteristic.
72. Cerebellum: structure, functional characteristic of neuronal contents a. interneuronal
connections in cerebellar cortex.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
73.Basic morphological and functional features. Classification, origin and structure of the
vessels.
74. Arteries. Classification, structure, function, origin. Correlation between hemodynamic
conditions and vessel structure. Age changes.
75. Microcirculatory system. Common morphological and functional
characteristics. Arterioles, capillaries, venules. Common plan of structure and classification of
blood capillaries. Arteriovenous anastomoses: classification, structure and function.
76. Veins. Morphological and functional characterization. Classification. Correlation between
structure of veins and hemodynamic conditions. Structural differences between veins and
arteries.
77. Lymphatic vessels. Morphological and functional characteristics. Structure,
function and origin of lymphatic capillaries.
78. Heart. Common morphological and functional characteristics, origin. Structure of
endocardium, myocardium and epicardium.
79. Heart. Myocardium: structure, function, origin. Endocrine secretion. The conducting system
of the heart, its structure and function.
SPECIAL SENSES
80. Sensory organs. Common morphological and functional characteristics, classification.
Structure and histophysiology of receptor cells. Olfactory organ and taste buds. Structure, origin,
histophysiology.
81. Sensory organs. Classification. Eye. Origin and structure of the tunics of the
orb. Retina, its neuron composition. Ultrastructure and function of rods and cones. Structure and
function of the pigment epithelium. Histophysiology of retina, changes after action of light.
82. Inner ear. Origin, structure, function. Cytophysiology of organ of Corti.
83. Vestibular apparatus. Origin, structure and function. Morphological and functional features
of both maculae and crists. Cytophysiology of hair cells.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
84. Organization of endocrine system. Morphological and functional characteristics of endocrine
glands. Classification. Notion of hormones, target-cells and receptors to hormones. Pineal gland:
origin, structure, function.
85. Hypothalamus. Types of neurosecretory nuclei, features of structure and
function of neurosecretory cells.
86. Hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal systems. Forms and
functional significance of hypothalamo-hypophyseal communication; portal system, axovasae
synapses. Neurohemal organs.
87. Pituitary gland. Origin, structure and function. Tissue and cell composition
of the parts of hypophysis. Structural and functional features of endocrine cells; regulation of
their function.
88. Thyroid gland. Origin, structure, function. Cell composition. The features of
hormone formation by follicular cells, regulation of secretion. Structure and function of
parafollicular cells.
89. Suprarenal glands. Origin, structure and function. Features of structure of
cortex and medulla, characteristics of parenchimal cells. Synthesis and . release of hormones,
regulation secretion; suprarenal glands and stress reaction.
90. Parathyroid gland. Origin, cell composition, function. Diffuse endocrine system(DES).
Origin, location and structure of APUD cells. Paracrine and endocrine effects of DES.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
91. Alimentary tract. Common plan of structure. Sources of development. Oral
cavity - morphological and functional characteristics of mucosa. Structure and function of
tonque. Teeth, structure and development.
92. Major salivary glands. Structure and function of different salivary glands.
93. Alimentary tract. Common plan of structure. Sources of development. Esophagus, structure
and function. Glands of esophagus.
94. Alimentary tract. Common plan of structure. Innervation and blood supply.
Characterization of endocrine complex and lymphoid apparatus. Palatine tonsils, structure and
function.
95. Stomach. Morphological and functional characterization. Structural features
of different regions. Histophysiology of the glands. Innervation and blood supply.
96. Small intestine. Morphological and functional characteristics^ Spuces of development.
Innervation and vascularization. The peculiarities of structure in different regions. Cell
composition and function of epithelium of both intestinal villi and crypts. Histophysiology of
digestion and absorption.
97. Large intestine. Common plan of structure, function. Characterization of
epithelium, exocrine and endocrine secretion. Appendix.
98. Pancreas, structure and origin. Histophysiology of exocrine and endocrine
parts. Notion of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system.
99. Liver. Morphological and functional characteristics, origin. The features of blood supply.
The architecture of classic hepatic lobule. Structural and functional characterization of
hepatocytes, fat storing cells as well as wall of sinusoids. System of bile ducts, gallbladder.
ORGANS OF HEMOPOIESIS AND IMMUNOPOIESIS
100. Bone marrow. Development, structure. Characterization of postembryonic hemopoiesis in
bone marrow. Interaction between stromal and hemopoietic cells.
101.Hemopoietic organs.. Classification. Thymus: origin, structure, function. Interaction
between epitheliocytes and lymphocytes. Endocrine function of thymus. Age and accidental
involution of thymus.
102. Spleen: structure and function. The features of blood supply. Embryonic and postembryonic
hemopoiesis in spleen. T- and B-zones.
103. Lymph node - structure and function. Mucosa associated lymphoid ftodules. Significance of
lymphoid organs for T- and B- lymphopoiesis (immunopoiesis).
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
104. Respiratory system. Morphological and functional characteristics. Sources of development.
Extra- and intrapulmonary air passages, structure and function. Cell composition of epithelium of
air passages. Structural features of trachea and different types of bronchi.
105. Lungs, structure, function, origin. Characteristics of intrapulmonary bronchi and respiratory
regions. Cell composition of alveolar epithelium. Air-blood barrier. The features of lungs' blood
supply.
INTEGUMENT
106. Skin. Morphological and functional characteristics, origin. Structure of skin and its
appendages: sweat and sebaceous glands, hairs, nails. Sex features of skin.
107. Skin. Structural components and their functions. Thin skin and thick skin. Keratinization
and regeneration of epidermis. Structure, origin and function of: melanocytes, cells of
Langherhans and cells of Merkel. Receptor apparatus of skin.
URINARY SYSTEM
108. Kidneys. Morphological and functional characterization. Sources and main stages of
development. Structure and features of blood supply. Nephrons: types, structure,
histophysiology. Endocrine function of kidney. Structure and location of juxtaglomerular
apparatus.
109. Structural and functional characterization of the excretory passages. Ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra (origin, structure, function).
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
110. Male reproductive system. Testes, structure and function. Embryonic and postembryonic
development, its regulation. Spermatogenesis, its regulation. Blood-testis barrier - structure and
function. Testes as endocrine organ.
111. Accessory urogenital organs: epididymus, seminal vesicles, prostate -structure and function.
112. Female reproductive system. Ovary. Structure, function, embryonic and postembryonic
histogenesis. Histophysiology of ovary. Ovarian cycle and its regulation. Endocrine function of
ovary.
113. Uterus, oviducts, vagina. Origin, structure, function. Ovarian-menstrual cycle - structural
basis and hormone regulation.
114. Mammary gland. Origin, structure and function. Mode of secretion. Structural features of
resting gland and active gland. Regulation of lactation.
